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9 min read
Cross-contract call on Starknet A cross-contract call is how one contract calls another contract's public function. A common example is a liquidity pool calling an ERC-20 token contract to transfer...
20 min read
Signature Verification Signature verification is the process of using a public key to mathematically prove that a message or transaction was signed using the corresponding private key. Signature...
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Hash Functions on Starknet Solidity relies on keccak-256 as its primary hash function to derive deterministic identifiers from arbitrary data such as computing function selectors or computing storage...
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Syscalls in Starknet In Solidity, low-level operations like reading/writing to storage, contract to contract calls, or sending messages are performed directly through inline assembly using Yul...
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Orthogonality of Roots of Unity The sum of powers of the $k$-th roots of unity generated by a primitive $k$-th root of unity is either zero or $k$. We call this property the orthogonality of roots of...
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Solana Syscalls: Logging in sBPF Assembly In the previous tutorial, we learned how a program reads from memory into the sBPF VM registers. Now, we’ll build on that model by showing how programs...
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Reading Solana Instruction inputs using sBPF assembly In the previous tutorial, we introduced the sBPF memory layout and explained the purpose of each register during program execution. In this...
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sBPF Memory Layout and Register Conventions This tutorial introduces the Solana BPF (sBPF) memory layout and the roles of its virtual machine registers. We'll demonstrate the conventions for how...
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Solana Program Execution and Input Serialization This article explains how the BPF loader serializes program instruction inputs, how the entrypoint receives them, and how programs deserialize that...
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Instruction Processor and Runtime Setup In part one, we covered the Solana program input serialization format and how program inputs are laid out in memory. In this part, we'll cover how programs...
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Introduction to sBPF Virtual Machine and Instruction Set As discussed in the compute units tutorial, compute units consumed by a Solana program call equal the number of SBF (Solana Bytecode Format)...
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Tracing SBF Instruction Execution and Compute Costs In the previous article, we covered the sBPF VM architecture, register conventions, and the instruction set. Now we'll analyze actual bytecode...