Solidity

A library call executes the logic of a declared contract class in the context and storage of the contract that invokes it.

Solidity relies on keccak-256 as its primary hash function to derive deterministic identifiers from arbitrary data such as computing function selectors…

In Solidity, low-level operations like reading/writing to storage, contract to contract calls, or sending messages are performed directly through inline…

This chapter continues as the third part (3/5) of our code walkthrough of OpenZeppelin’s ERC-721 CVL specification and focuses on token transfer and…

Up until now, we’ve focused on verifying the behavior of individual methods or sequences of methods — ensuring that a specific function call or set of…

In this chapter, we formally verify Solmate’s ERC-20 implementation. Note that while Solmate’s ERC-20 implementation includes a permit() function, we…

Up until now, we’ve either written a rule to verify specific behaviors or an invariant to verify properties that must always hold true throughout the…

ERC-721 is the Ethereum standard for non-fungible tokens, widely used to represent digital property.

In the previous chapter, we learned how ghost variables allow information to flow from hooks into rules.

Loops are one of the most common programming constructs, but they remain challenging to reason about in formal verification.

In previous chapters, we explored how CVL invariants work: properties that must hold throughout all contract execution.

In the previous chapter, we saw how unconstrained ghost variables can lead to false positives.