Reading Solana Instruction inputs using sBPF assembly In the previous tutorial, we introduced the sBPF memory layout and explained the purpose of each register during program execution. In this...

sBPF Memory Layout and Register Conventions This tutorial introduces the Solana BPF (sBPF) memory layout and the roles of its virtual machine registers. We'll demonstrate the conventions for how...

Using Sstore Hooks with Storage Mappings Introduction In the chapter “Introduction to Storage Hooks And Ghosts”, we covered storage hooks and ghosts with simple storage variables. We showed that...

Implication Operator Introduction The implication operator is frequently used as a substitute for the statement since it is cleaner. Consider the following example: a function that takes two unsigned...

Conditional Statements in CVL and Formally Verifying Parts of Solady and Solmate Introduction Some contract behaviors (properties) are inherently conditional, and using constructs like if/else in CVL...

Overflow and Mathint In CVL, the type represents unbounded integers, unlike Solidity’s fixed-size types such as . It performs arithmetic without overflow or underflow, which allows reasoning based on...

Introduction to the Cairo Language Cairo is a programming language designed for provable, verifiable computation, particularly within the context of zero-knowledge systems like Starknet, a Layer 2...

Visual representation of the roots of unity The property that if $\omega$ is a $k$-th root of unity, then $\omega^i$ and $\omega^{i+k/2}$ are additive inverses may seem a little abstract — this...

Roots of Unity in Finite Fields This article explains what Roots of Unity in a Finite Field are and how they are intertwined with multiplicative subgroups. The reader is expected to be familiar with...

Multiplication of Polynomials in Point Form Polynomial multiplication is widely used in zero-knowledge proofs and mathematical cryptography. But the brute force or traditional approach for...

Basic Bank Tutorial with SPL Tokens and Anchor In this tutorial, we’ll build a simple bank program on Solana with the basic features you'd expect from a regular bank. Users can create accounts, check...

The Fundamental Theorem of Finite Cyclic Groups The Fundamental Theorem of Cyclic Groups provides guarantees about the existence of cyclic subgroups within a cyclic group. In the context of the...