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Verify Signature Solidity in Foundry Here is a minimal (copy and paste) example of how to safely create and verify ECDSA signatures with OpenZeppelin in the Foundry environment. Contract:...
Last updated on Aug 12, 20247 min read
EIP-2930 - Ethereum access list Introduction An Ethereum access list transaction enables saving gas on cross-contract calls by declaring in advance which contract and storage slots will be accessed....
Last updated on Sep 24, 20252 min read
Uint256 max value The uint256 max value can be obtained with which is or 2²⁵⁶-1. But it's cleaner and safer to use . The same can be used for signed integer types The math behind maximum values in...
Last updated on Aug 2, 20243 min read
Solidity test internal function To test an internal Solidity function, create a child contract that inherits from the contract being tested, wrap the parent contract’s internal function with an...
Last updated on Oct 29, 20254 min read
Convert gas to USD (Ethereum) Understanding gas cost can be tricky because there are three components at play: the gas price, the price of ether, and the units of gas. The "gas price" that you might...
Last updated on Sep 24, 2025Circom language tutorial with circomlib walkthrough This tutorial introduces the Circom language and how to use it, along with common pitfalls. We will also explain a significant portion of the...
Last updated on Sep 29, 20255 min read
ZK-addition-dapp with Noir and Nextjs !ZK Dapp Game built with Noir and Next.js We will demonstrate a step-by-step exploration of a basic zk-dapp designed for verifying additions. This application...
Last updated on Aug 2, 202411 min read
Foundry Unit Tests This article will describe how to create unit tests in Solidity using Foundry. We will cover how to test all the state transitions that can occur in a smart contract, plus some...
Last updated on Oct 22, 20254 min read
Smart contract creation cost Smart contract creation cost can be anywhere from \$10 to \$2,000 assuming ETH costs between \$1,500 to \$2,000. The biggest factors are 1) Ethereum price, 2) the size of...
Last updated on Oct 29, 2025Flash Loans and how to hack them: a walk through of ERC 3156 Flash loans are loans between smart contracts that must be repaid in the same transaction. This article describes the ERC 3156 flash loan...
Last updated on Oct 22, 2025Uniswap V2 Mint and Burn Functions Explained The lifecycle of Uniswap V2 is someone mints LP tokens (supplies liquidity, i.e. tokens to the pool) for the first time, then a second depositor mints...
Last updated on Aug 29, 20259 min read
How the TWAP Oracle in Uniswap v2 Works What exactly is “price” in Uniswap? Suppose we have 1 Ether and 2,000 USDC in a pool. This implies that the price of Ether is 2,000 USDC. Specifically, the...
Last updated on Aug 29, 2025