Browse all Cairo Smart Contracts articles.

Formally Verifying Nonces.Sol in OpenZeppelin Nonces, which stands for "number used once" are used in digital signature schemes to prevent replay attacks. For the purposes of this article, we assume...
Last updated on Feb 17, 2026
10 min read
Introduction to Formal Verification Formal verification is the process of mathematically proving a program adheres to a specification. This article introduces conceptually how formal verification...
Last updated on Feb 13, 2026
9 min read
Cairo for Solidity Developers Cairo is a Rust-inspired language that compiles to bytecode, which runs on the Cairo Virtual Machine. The Cairo virtual machine is a zero-knowledge virtual machine...
Last updated on Dec 18, 2025
Components Part 2: OpenZeppelin ERC-20 Tutorial In Component Part 1, we learned how to create and use a component within a single file. We built a from scratch and integrated its storage, events, and...
Last updated on Dec 11, 2025
20 min read
Events in Starknet Events emit data from contract execution into the transaction receipt. The receipt holds metadata about what happened during the execution, which can be queried or indexed by...
Last updated on Dec 11, 2025
9 min read
Constructors in Cairo A constructor is a one-time-call function executed during contract deployment to initialize state variables, perform contract setup tasks, make cross-contract interactions and...
Last updated on Dec 11, 2025
3 min read
Access Control in Cairo Access control defines who can call specific functions or modify contract behavior. This article explains how Cairo implements access control using the macro. A Review of...
Last updated on Dec 11, 2025
8 min read
Cairo Components Part 1 Components in Cairo behave like abstract contracts in Solidity. They can define and work with storage, events, and functions, but they can’t be deployed on their own. The...
Last updated on Dec 11, 2025
17 min read
Introduction to the Cairo Language Cairo is a programming language designed for provable, verifiable computation, particularly within the context of zero-knowledge systems like Starknet, a Layer 2...
Last updated on Dec 11, 2025
11 min read
Structure of a Basic Contract This article shows how to build a deployable Cairo contract for Starknet. Starting from a simple sketch, we will gradually add features to build a working contract...
Last updated on Dec 11, 2025
15 min read
Cairo Storage Variable Types In Starknet, Contract Storage is the persistent memory where your smart contract's state lives. Unlike variables declared inside a function which disappear after...
Last updated on Dec 10, 2025
11 min read
Integers in Cairo Cairo doesn’t offer the full range of integer sizes found in Solidity. While Solidity provides integer types for every multiple of 8 bits up to 256, Cairo supports only the...
Last updated on Dec 10, 2025