Native Solana: Creating Accounts For Storage I In this two-part tutorial, we'll learn how to create accounts for storing data in native Solana programs using two approaches: keypairs (this part) and...

Switchboard On-chain programs can’t access off-chain data directly. They rely on oracles to bring in information such as asset prices, event outcomes, or API responses. Without these oracles,...

Introduction to Solana Compute Units and Transaction Fees !Solana Compute Units In Ethereum, the price of a transaction is computed as $\text{gasUsed} \times \text{gasPrice}$. This tells us how much...

Hacking Underconstrained Circom Circuits With Fake Proofs The operator in Circom can be dangerous because it assigns values to signals but does not constrain them. But how do you actually ~~exploit~~...

Solana Anchor Program IDL !Hero Image showing Interface Definition Language The IDL (Interface Definition Language) is a JSON file that describes how to interact with a Solana program. It is...

Require, Revert, and Custom Errors in Solana !Hero Image showing Error code and Macro In Ethereum, we often see a require statement restricting the values a function argument can have. Consider the...

Arithmetic Circuits for ZK In the context of zero-knowledge proofs, an arithmetic circuit is a system of equations that models a problem in NP. A key point from our article on P vs NP is that any...

Circom language tutorial with circomlib walkthrough This tutorial introduces the Circom language and how to use it, along with common pitfalls. We will also explain a significant portion of the...

LeetCode problems and questions - the best 50 Whether web2 or web3, doing well on data structure, algorithm, and LeetCode questions is important, not only for getting a job but developing a good...