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Solana Hello World (Installation and Troubleshooting) !Solana Hello World This is a Solana hello world tutorial. We will walk you through the steps to install Solana and troubleshoot issues that may...
Last updated on Oct 13, 2025
Require, Revert, and Custom Errors in Solana !Hero Image showing Error code and Macro In Ethereum, we often see a require statement restricting the values a function argument can have. Consider the...
Last updated on Aug 15, 2024
5 min read
Solana Anchor Program IDL !Hero Image showing Interface Definition Language The IDL (Interface Definition Language) is a JSON file that describes how to interact with a Solana program. It is...
Last updated on Aug 18, 2024
Building a Zero Knowledge Proof from an R1CS Given an arithmetic circuit encoded as a Rank 1 Constraint System, it is possible to create a ZK-proof of having a witness, albeit not a succinct one....
Last updated on Oct 31, 2024
25 min read
Arithmetic Circuits for ZK In the context of zero-knowledge proofs, an arithmetic circuit is a system of equations that models a problem in NP. A key point from our article on P vs NP is that any...
Last updated on Sep 28, 2024
12 min read
Elementary Group Theory for Programmers !Group Theory Hero Image This article provides several examples of algebraic groups so that you can build an intuition for them. A group is a set with: a...
Last updated on Feb 25, 2026
22 min read
Elementary Set Theory for Programmers Why another set theory tutorial? The target audience for this piece is the sort of folks who don’t care about abstract math unless they see a direct use-case for...
Last updated on Apr 25, 2025
18 min read
Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields What do elliptic curves in finite fields look like? It’s easy to visualize smooth elliptic curves, but what do elliptic curves over a finite field look like? The...
Last updated on Mar 22, 2026
11 min read
Homomorphisms by Example A homomorphism between two groups exists if a structure preserving map between the two groups exists. Suppose we have two algebraic data structures $(A,\square)$ and $(B,...
Last updated on Feb 25, 2026
Evaluating a Quadratic Arithmetic Program on a Trusted Setup Evaluating a Quadratic Arithmetic Program (QAP) on a trusted setup enables a prover to demonstrate that a QAP is satisfied without...
Last updated on Jan 5, 2026
14 min read
Elliptic Curve Point Addition This article describes how elliptic curve addition works over real numbers. Cryptography uses elliptic curves over finite fields, but elliptic curves are easier to...
Last updated on Mar 10, 2026
3 min read
Trusted Setup A trusted setup is a mechanism ZK-SNARKs use to evaluate a polynomial at a secret value. Observe that a polynomial $f(x)$ can be evaluated by computing the inner product of the...
Last updated on Oct 10, 2024