Browse all Token articles.

6 min read
Tick limits in Uniswap V3 The smallest tick in Uniswap v3 is -887,272 and the largest tick is 887,272. This chapter explains the rationale behind this range, which is based on finding the tick that...
Last updated on Oct 8, 2025
Calculating the real reserves between two prices in the Uniswap V3 codebase In previous chapters, we derived formulas to calculate the real reserves of tokens X and Y between two prices in a segment....
Last updated on Oct 6, 2025
12 min read
Real and virtual reserves in Uniswap v3 Uniswap v3 uses two types of reserves: real reserves and virtual reserves. Real reserves represent the actual amount of tokens present in a segment. Each...
Last updated on Sep 29, 2025
4 min read
Bulkers in Compound V3 The bulker contracts in Compound V3 are multicall-like contracts for batching several transactions. For example, if we wanted to supply Ether, LINK, and wBTC as collateral and...
Last updated on Sep 24, 2025
7 min read
How Compound V3 Allocates COMP Rewards Compound issues rewards in COMP tokens to lenders and borrowers in proportion to their share of a market’s lending and borrowing. The algorithm is extremely...
Last updated on Sep 24, 2025
8 min read
ERC-1363 Standard Explained ERC-1363 enables a smart contract to detect and respond to an incoming transfer of tokens. !Cover Image for ERC-1363 Standard Explained article by RareSkills What problem...
Last updated on Sep 24, 2025
6 min read
How Uniswap V2 computes the mintFee Uniswap V2 was designed to collect 1/6th of the swap fees to the protocol. Since a swap fee is 0.3%, 1/6th of that is 0.05%, so 0.05% of every trade would go to...
Last updated on Aug 29, 2025
11 min read
Real reserves in Uniswap v3 In the last chapter, we introduced two new concepts: real reserves and virtual reserves. The real reserves of a segment are the amount of tokens contained in that segment—...
Last updated on Aug 20, 2025
How Concentrated Liquidity in Uniswap V3 Works This article explains how Uniswap V3 implements concentrated liquidity. We assume the reader already understands Uniswap V2. To understand concentrated...
Last updated on Aug 20, 2025
20 min read
ERC-1155 Multi Token Standard The ERC-1155 standard describes how to create both fungible and non-fungible tokens then incorporate them into a single smart contract. This saves significant deployment...
Last updated on Aug 20, 2025
9 min read
get_D() and get_y() in Curve StableSwap This article shows algebraically step-by-step how the code for and are derived from the StableSwap invariant. Given the StableSwap Invariant: $$ An^n\sum x_i...
Last updated on Aug 20, 2025
9 min read
Square Root Price in Uniswap V3 In Uniswap V2, the protocol tracks token reserves and derives the spot price, $p_x=y/x$, and total liquidity, $L=xy$, where $x$ and $y$ are the reserves of tokens X...
Last updated on Aug 20, 2025