Browse all Token articles.
10 min read
Token Sale with Total Supply Tutorial A token sale program is a smart contract that sells a specific token, usually in exchange for a native token like SOL, at a fixed price. The sale runs until a...
15 min read
Transferring SPL Tokens with Anchor and Web3.js In the previous tutorial, we learned how SPL tokens work. In this tutorial, we’ll implement a full SPL token lifecycle: create, mint, transfer, and...
18 min read
How the SPL Token Works Solana Program Library Token (SPL Token) is Solana's standard for tokens: how to create tokens and how they should behave. It is Solana’s equivalent to Ethereum’s token...
7 min read
Calculating the real reserves between two prices in the Uniswap V3 codebase In previous chapters, we derived formulas to calculate the real reserves of tokens X and Y between two prices in a segment....
11 min read
Real reserves in Uniswap v3 In the last chapter, we introduced two new concepts: real reserves and virtual reserves. The real reserves of a segment are the amount of tokens contained in that segment—...
12 min read
Real and virtual reserves in Uniswap v3 Uniswap v3 uses two types of reserves: real reserves and virtual reserves. Real reserves represent the actual amount of tokens present in a segment. Each...
6 min read
Tick limits in Uniswap V3 The smallest tick in Uniswap v3 is -887,272 and the largest tick is 887,272. This chapter explains the rationale behind this range, which is based on finding the tick that...
9 min read
Square Root Price in Uniswap V3 In Uniswap V2, the protocol tracks token reserves and derives the spot price, $p_x=y/x$, and total liquidity, $L=xy$, where $x$ and $y$ are the reserves of tokens X...
13 min read
ERC-6909 Minimal Multi-Token Standard The ERC-6909 token standard is a streamlined alternative to the ERC-1155 token standard. The ERC-1155 standard introduced a multiple-token interface that allows...
12 min read
Coding a Solidity rebase token A “rebase token” (sometimes “rebasing token”) is an ERC-20 token where the total supply, and the balances of token holders, can change without transfers, minting, or...
15 min read
Introducing ticks in Uniswap V3 This article explains what ticks are in Uniswap V3. Ticks enable gas-efficient accounting of concentrated liquidity, so let’s quickly review concentrated liquidity...
18 min read
How Concentrated Liquidity in Uniswap V3 Works This article explains how Uniswap V3 implements concentrated liquidity. We assume the reader already understands Uniswap V2. To understand concentrated...