Formally Verify Solady WETH Introduction ETH, widely used in DeFi for swaps, liquidity provision, staking, and collateral, needs an ERC-20-compatible version so protocols can interact with it through...

Testing Revert Call In Certora In this chapter, we will learn how to use method tags ( and ) and the special variable in CVL to verify expected reverts in smart contract execution. Setting Up...

Formally Verifying a Counter In the previous chapter, we learned the theoretical side of formal verification, including what it is and how it works. In this module, we’ll move beyond theory and learn...

Understanding the Spec File in Certora CVL In the last chapter, we saw that to perform formal verification using Certora Prover, we need to provide the Prover with the following key items: Smart...

Formally verifying Initializable.sol This article describes how Certora formally verified the Initializable.sol OpenZeppelin contract. We assume the reader is already familiar with how this contract...

Formally Verifying Address Balance In the previous chapter, we covered how to reason about environment-dependent functions in CVL by focusing on in non-payable contexts. In those examples, access...

Introduction to Formal Verification Formal verification is the process of mathematically proving a program adheres to a specification. This article introduces conceptually how formal verification...

Certora Require, Assert, and Satisfy In the previous chapter, we learned that a specification is a piece of code written in CVL that describes the expected behavior of a smart contract. A...

Introduction to Method Properties Introduction In the previous chapter, we learned about parametric rules, which allow us to formally verify properties that are expected to hold regardless of which...

Testing msg.sender and msg.value in CVL Introduction In this chapter, we introduce the variable in CVL, which enables us to make rules for functions that depend on , , and other global variables in...

Introduction to Parametric Rules Until now, in previous chapters, we have written rules to verify the behavior of specific methods and their impact on a contract’s state. For example: In Chapter 2,...

Formally Verifying Ownable.sol Ownable is an abstract contract that provides owner-based access control. When inherited, it restricts specific functions to the owner using the modifier. It has three...