Browse all Smart Contract Security articles.
Components Part 2: OpenZeppelin ERC-20 Tutorial In Component Part 1, we learned how to create and use a component within a single file. We built a from scratch and integrated its storage, events, and...
Last updated on Dec 11, 202520 min read
Events in Starknet Events emit data from contract execution into the transaction receipt. The receipt holds metadata about what happened during the execution, which can be queried or indexed by...
Last updated on Dec 11, 20259 min read
Constructors in Cairo A constructor is a one-time-call function executed during contract deployment to initialize state variables, perform contract setup tasks, make cross-contract interactions and...
Last updated on Dec 11, 20253 min read
Access Control in Cairo Access control defines who can call specific functions or modify contract behavior. This article explains how Cairo implements access control using the macro. A Review of...
Last updated on Dec 11, 20258 min read
Cairo Components Part 1 Components in Cairo behave like abstract contracts in Solidity. They can define and work with storage, events, and functions, but they can’t be deployed on their own. The...
Last updated on Dec 11, 202517 min read
Introduction to the Cairo Language Cairo is a programming language designed for provable, verifiable computation, particularly within the context of zero-knowledge systems like Starknet, a Layer 2...
Last updated on Dec 11, 202511 min read
Structure of a Basic Contract This article shows how to build a deployable Cairo contract for Starknet. Starting from a simple sketch, we will gradually add features to build a working contract...
Last updated on Dec 11, 202515 min read
Cairo Storage Variable Types In Starknet, Contract Storage is the persistent memory where your smart contract's state lives. Unlike variables declared inside a function which disappear after...
Last updated on Dec 10, 202511 min read
Integers in Cairo Cairo doesn’t offer the full range of integer sizes found in Solidity. While Solidity provides integer types for every multiple of 8 bits up to 256, Cairo supports only the...
Last updated on Dec 10, 202515 min read
ERC-20 Token on Starknet ERC-20 tokens on Starknet work the same way as on Ethereum. In fact, STRK (Starknet's fee token) is itself an ERC-20 token; there's no special "native" token at the protocol...
Last updated on Dec 10, 202517 min read
Cheatcodes in Starknet Foundry A "cheatcode" in Foundry is a mechanism that allows contract tests to control environment variables such as caller address, the current timestamp, and so on. In this...
Last updated on Dec 10, 20257 min read
Function Visibility in Cairo Cairo does not have "internal" and "pure" modifiers (or any other modifiers for that matter) like Solidity does. Recall that marking an block with tells Cairo to include...
Last updated on Dec 10, 2025